ABSTRACT
Infective endocarditis (IE) is described as infection of endocardial surfaces of heart and if available prosthesis materials. Despite all up to date developments in diagnosis and treatment of its, IE is mortal and morbid disease. IE causes numerous non-specific symptoms and findings in patients. Currently, various difficulties are observed in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of IE. Duke criteria is used for supporting of diagnosis. Also, echocardiography, computerized tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, magnetic resonance, labeled leukocyte scintigraphy, blood culture, polymerase chain reaction investigations are used. Although, histopathological diagnosis is gold standard. In this procedure guideline nuclear medicine methods (PET/CT and labeled leukocyte scintigraphy) will be handled that used more frequently in recent years for diagnosis of IE.
Keywords:
IE, labeled leukocyte scintigraphy, Tc-99m hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime, In-111 oxine, F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose, PET/CT
References
1Erba PA, Sollini M, Lazzeri E, et al. FDG-PET in cardiac infections. Semin Nucl Med 2013;43:377-395.
2Gomes A, Glaudemans AWJM, Touw DJ, et al. Diagnostic value of imaging in infective endocarditis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2017;17:1-14.
3Yavuz ŞS. İnfektif Endokardit: Güncel Bilgiler. Klimik Dergisi 2015;28:46-67.
4Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J 2015;36:3075-3128.
5Şimşek Yavuz S, Akar AR, Aydoğdu S, et al. İnfektif Endokarditin Tanısı, Tedavisi ve Önlenmesi: Ulusal Uzlaşı Raporu, Klimik Journal / Klimik Dergisi 2019;32:2-116.
6Boellaard R , Delgado-Bolton R, Oyen WJ, et al. FDG PET/CT: EANM procedure guidelines for tumour imaging: version 2.0 Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2015;42:328-354.
7Coulden R, Chung P, Sonnex E, et al. Suppression of myocardial 18F-FDG uptake with a preparatory ‘‘Atkins-style’’ low-carbohydrate diet. Eur Radiol 2012;22:2221-2228.
8Chen W, Kim J, Molchanova-Cook OP, et al. The potential of FDG PET/CT for early diagnosis of cardiac device and prosthetic valve infection before morphologic damages ensue. Curr Cardiol Rep 2014;16:459.
9Pizzi MN, Roque A, Cuéllar-Calabria H, et al. 18F-FDG-PET/CTA of Prosthetic Cardiac Valves and Valve-Tube Grafts: Infective Versus Inflammatory Patterns. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2016;9:1224-1227.
10Roca M, de Vries EF, Jamar F, et al. Guidelines for the labelling of leucocytes with (111) In-oxine. Inflammation/Infection Taskgroup of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010;37:835-841.
11de Vries EF, Roca M, Jamar F, et al. Guidelines for the labelling of leucocytes with (99m)Tc-HMPAO. Inflammation/Infection Taskgroup of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010;37:842-848.
12Signore A, Jamar F, Israel O, et al. Clinical indications, image acquisition and data interpretation for white blood cells and anti-granulocyte monoclonal antibody scintigraphy: an EANM procedural guideline. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018;45:1816-1831.
13Erba PA, Lancellotti P, Vilacosta I, et al. Recommendations on nuclear and multimodality imaging in IE and CIED infections. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018;45:1795-1815.
